![]() ![]() In either case, athletes will want to adjust to the new time zone as quickly as possible so that they can prepare well and/or compete at the highest level. Some athletes will travel to Japan, or nearby countries, weeks before their events, while others will arrive in Japan in the days prior to competition. For example, athletes traveling to Japan from North America and Western Europe will face time zone changes of 8–11 h west and 6–8 h east, respectively. Athletes will travel from all over the world to compete in the Games, and many will have to travel across several time zones. In August 2020, the Olympic Games will be held in Tokyo, Japan. These symptoms include headache, irritability, daytime sleepiness, difficulty sleeping at night, poor mental and physical performance, and poor gastrointestinal function ( Waterhouse et al., 2004)-primarily caused by the mismatch between the circadian system, or internal body clock, which is synchronized to time cues in the departure time zone, and the desired timing of sleep and wake, which are typically synchronized to time cues in the destination time zone. In contrast, jet lag refers to a collection of symptoms that occur in the days after flight across three or more time zones. These symptoms include fatigue, disorientation, and headache ( Waterhouse et al., 2004)-primarily caused by the sleep loss, dehydration, hypoxia, and discomfort associated with being in an aircraft with confined space, recline-restricted seats, low air pressure, low humidity, etc., for 8–14 h ( Brown et al., 2001 Roach et al., 2018). Travel fatigue refers to a collection of symptoms that occur during or immediately after long flights. Anecdotally, these effects are often referred to collectively as jet lag, but they are actually two separate phenomena-travel fatigue and jet lag-each with their own causes and consequences ( Waterhouse et al., 2004). Air travel across several time zones, i.e., transmeridian flight, causes negative effects-some of which occur during flight and some of which occur in the days after flight.
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